The first stamp to be issued by the Geneva Post (Switzerland's second stamp issue and only the fourth stamp in the world to be issued) resulted from a speech before the Grand Council of Geneva on Monday, 22nd May 1843, by Alphonse de Candolle, professor of botany and council member.
Referring to Great Britain's success with the adhesive stamp in 1840, he spoke of the advantages of selling stamps as receipts for pre-payment of letter postage, for example:
- Pre-paid letters ending up in the Dead Letter Office would no longer be considered a financial loss to the post office.
- Recipients of mail would not feel obliged to pay for letters they could not afford, nor wish to receive.
On the 13th September 1843, Professor de Candolle's proposal was approved. However, two other recommendations were not adopted. de Candolle had suggested that stores all over town be authorized to sell the stamps, thereby saving trips to the post office for many people. This idea was rejected on the basis of the complex postal rate structure existing at that time. Ordinary shopkeepers could not be expected to keep abreast of all rates and changes. A proposal for lower postal rates was also rejected, leaving the local rate at 5 centimes and the Cantonal rate at 10 centimes. The unique design of the stamp, described below, provided for both rates.
1843 Double Geneva
The stamp's designer is unknown but believed to be Guillaume Pasteur, Director of the Geneva Post at the time. The stamp was printed with black ink on yellow-green paper by the lithographer Charles Alphonse Schmid, in sheets of 50 doubles. Total printing was 1,200 sheets or 60,000 doubles of which only 6,000 were ever used and only about 600 preserved.
1843 Double Geneva
The inscription over each double-stamp indicates "Cantonal Postage 10 centimes", i.e. the rate for a letter
from one city to another. Each half-stamp bears the inscription "Port local" (local postage) with a value
of 5 centimes.
There is some controversy surrounding the first day of use for the Double Geneva. The Zumstein catalogue
records the date as 1st October 1843, but that date was a Sunday. Philatelic experts believe the actual
first day was Saturday, 30th September 1843.
Public Notice 77 of Wednesday, 27th September 1843 recorded the 30th September as the day of issue and gave
instructions for purchase and use of the stamp. It was to be sold only at the post office and, as a special
favour to Professor de Candolle, at a paper shop near his home on the north side of the river.
The public were slow to accept the stamps; very few franked letters are known from late 1843.
In an attempt to encourage prepayment of mail, the post office decided on 6th February 1844 to sell the
10 centimes double stamp at 8 centimes and the single stamp at 4 centimes. Unfranked letters were still
charged at the normal rates. This action saw a marked improvement in the sale of stamps during the rest
of the year.
Throughout 1844 postal rates were the subject of continuing discussion. On 11th January 1845, M. A. Barde,
President of the Finance Department, proposed that the rate for cantonal letters be reduced from 10 to 5
centimes. He expected an increased volume of mail to more than compensate for revenue lost by lowering the
rate. The Council adopted his proposal and established uniform letter rates for the Canton, rates that for
the first time took into consideration the weight of a letter. Effective on 1st April 1845 the rates became:
- 5 Centimes for a letter up to one ounce;
- 10 Centimes for a letter weighing between 1 and 3 ounces;
- For letters over 3 ounces, 10 centimes for the first 3 ounces and 15 centimes per ounce for the excess.
This resulted in the abolition of the 'Cantonal Post', and the double-stamp became surplus to requirement. However, the "Double Geneva" was not declared obsolete at the time. Although it was no longer sold by the post office, private stocks were used, either as halves for the new 5c postage rate, or as doubles for heavier letters until 1853.
1845 Small Eagle
1845 Small Eagle
A new stamp was proposed by Postmaster General Pasteur, to be similar in design to half of the double-stamp but slightly larger and bearing the inscription "Port Cantonal". The lithographer, Charles Schmid, printed the new design in black on yellow-green paper. The stamps, called the "Small Eagle" because the eagle's wings do not reach the edge of the shield, were laid out very close to each other on the plate, sometimes touching the next stamp. Because of this copies of the "Small Eagle" with four full frame lines are very difficult to find. A total of 1,200 sheets of 100 stamps or 120,000 stamps were printed. The stamp was in use from 1st April 1845 until the end of 1846.
1846 Large Eagle
1848 Large Eagle
1846 Large Eagle
Towards the end of 1846, before the supply of "Small Eagles" was exhausted, the lithographer made a new
plate with a slightly different design. In the new design the wing touches the frame of the shield,
resulting in the stamp being called the "Large Eagle".
Official documents regarding the "Large Eagle" have never been uncovered. It has been estimated that the
first printing on yellow-green paper was 100,000 stamps and the second printing on dark green paper was
50,000. A full sheet of the "Large Eagle" on yellow-green paper may be seen at the Philatelic Museum in Bern.
It is the only complete sheet of cantonal stamps known to exist.
First known use of the yellow-green stamps is 6th January 1847. The lithographer's records indicate that
the dark green stamps were delivered to the post office on 2nd August 1848 and this is generally regarded
as the day of issue for the stamps. All of the cantonal stamps were valid until 30th September 1854.